Construction of a Trench Contributed to Increase Grass, Fodder and Crop Production
Basan Shrestha, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, WTLCP
Bhola Prasad Chaudhary, Ranger, District Forest Office, Kanchanpur
“Until past one and half years, the plants were heavily destroyed by the open grazing of cattle in the forest patches that we have conserved. The unrestricted movement of people in forest patches had also destroyed saplings. As such, the crops in private lands were damaged, almost to half, due to open grazing. Now, with the construction of the trench along both sides of the community trail, the grasses in community forest have vigorously grown and the crop production in private lands has also increased”, says Shyampati Chaudhary.
The users of Ganga Jamuna Women Community Forest User Group (CFUG) including Shyampati have benefited from the increased production of grass, fodder and crops. The proposed Ganga Jamuna Women CFUG is located in Hanumantole, Amarbasti, ward number 9, Baisebichuwa VDC in Kanchanpur district. It is composed of 92 Chaudhary (Tharu) households benefiting a total of 610 people. The CFUG has been managing 20 hectares of degraded forest patch since the group was formed in October 2004. The formal recognition of the CFUG by District Forest Office (DFO), Kanchanpur is still awaited due to boarder conflict with the proposed Lab Kush CFUG in Raikabarbichuwa VDC in Kanchanpur. Shyampati Chaudhary looks happy with thatch grass and fodder in the community forestThe Western Terai Landscape Building Program (WTLBP), the frontloading support to Western Terai Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP), had provided the financial support of Rs. 9,000 to the CFUG to construct the 900 meter long trench along one side of the community trail close to the community forest and the user group mobilized the labour force. The users, with the technical assistance of the DFO staff, identified the potential site based on the extent of open grazing and proximity of the settlement. Being encouraged with the financial support, the users contributed labour to construct additional 900 meter long trench along other side of the trail close to the private land. As a result, they were able to construct a total of 1,800 meters long trail along both sides of the trail. The whole process required 1,105 person days from 85 households mobilized at the rate of one person from each household, within a period of 13 days in May 2005. 60% of the total labour force included women. According to the market price, the daily wage for women and men were Rs. 80 and Rs. 100 respectively, so that the total cost of construction was estimated at Rs.97,240. Thus, the total amount supported by WTLBP accounted 9% of the total cost and users’ contribution accounted 91%. This excluded the implements arranged by the users themselves to dig the trench.
“Previously, we had to purchase thatch grass and fodder at Rs. 30 per bhari (around 15 kg) from Pachkadiya, which were brought from Dudhuwa National Park in India. But, now these resources are easily available in our CFUG at Rs.10. As a result, both our labour and money have been saved”, says Rampati Chaudhary, the former Treasurer of the CFUG.
The construction of the trench has contributed to control open grazing resulting in natural regeneration of plant species such as Jamun (Eugenia jambolana), Khair (Acacia catachu) and Sisoo (Dalbergia sissoo) and increased production of grass, fodder and crops. The regular maintenance of the trench is an important aspect to consider to further discourage open grazing and movement.
9 October 2006 (23 Ashwin 2063)
Two Villages directly benefited from a Wooden Bridge
Basan Shrestha, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, WTLCP
Sundar Lal Chaudhary, Local Resource Person, Gola VDC, Bardia
121 households of Banjariya and Syaulibazar villages in ward number 5, Village Development Committee (VDC), Bardia have directly benefited from a wooden bridge constructed over the Tapara canal in Banjariya. ‘Prior to construction of this bridge, it was very difficult for school going children to cross the Tapara canal and their parents, particularly women, who had to carry their children and cross the canal”, says Dharma Chand, Badghar, the village leader who had led the construction of the wooden bridge.
Banjariya Pragati User Group in Banjariya, ward number 5, Pashupatinagar VDC had taken the lead role to construct the wooden bridge. Parks and People Project (PPP) and Participatory conservation Program (PCP), supported by United Nations Development Program (UNDP), had formed the group in 1999 at the settlement level and facilitated to affiliate it to Buffer Zone Management Council (BZMC) in 2003. The group is composed of 65 households, with more than three quarters Chaudhary households. Similarly, Syaulibazar User Group, another beneficiary group in the same ward was also involved in the construction of the bridge. This group, which was formed and leagalized following the same process, is composed of 56 households belonging to Chaudhary and Dalits communities.
The Western Terai Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP) had provided the financial support of Rs. 40,000 to Banjariya Pragati User Group in January 2006 to construct the wooden bridge. Besides, PCP and Brinda User Committee, the VDC level coordination committee, had supported Rs. 8,000 and Rs. 5,000 respectively to the group for the same purpose. With a total of Rs. 53,000 the group managed to saw the timber poles and planks, pay for skilled labours and purchase nails and associated materials to fix the timber poles and planks.
The user groups had received around 520 cubic feet of timber (20 oxen carts) from Bardia National Park and Manau Forest User Group for poles, planks, railing and other types of wooden support to construct the 70 feet long and 12 feet wide wooden bridge. They had collected around 100 oxen carts of stones from Geruwa river to construct barbed wire gabion walls at four foundation corners of the bridge. Men were mainly involved in the collection of timber and stones and women had supported to carry them to the place of construction. Two user groups had mobilized human labour from 121 user households at the rate of one person from one household for 2845 person days at the rate of Rs. 80 per person per day, so that the total cost of human labour was estimated at Rs.227,600. “It was very difficult to cross the canal in Banjariya, which has emanated from Geruwa river, during rainy season due to rise in water level.
Mainly, children from Banjariya studying in Namuna Primary School in Syaulibazar had difficulty to cross the canal. Similalry, students from Syaulibazar had difficulty to cross the canal to attend Pashupati High School in Pathraiya, ward number 8. The bridge construction has eased people’s movement. In addition, it has become very easy to transport grains like rice, wheat, maize and mustard for grinding in the mill located in Pathriya. This canal had many times flown people while crossing…….”, say the users.
The wooden bridge has made easy accessibility of the people. The regular maintenance of such infrastructures is an important aspect to be considered for continued benefits and encouragement to the community initiated development.
19 November 2006 (3 Mangsir 2063)
Trail Improvement Contributed to Community Development[1]
Bhim Bahadur Thapa
Kalikich User Committee
Beldandi VDC, Kanchanpur
[1] This article was edited and translated by Basan Shrestha, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, WTLCP.
Until past few days, the passers-by going through this community trail used to scold ‘The people of this village are so lazy that they do not even improve their trails.’ In fact, the level of the trail passing through Chauanni village bordering between ward numbers 7 and 8 in Beldandi Village Development Committee (VDC) of Kanchannpur district was about two feet lower than the ground level. Water logging was the main problem even in days with little rain. The passers-by used to put off their shoes and slippers to pass through the trail. In some cases, it caused etching and wounds on the feet. Particularly, the school going children had to attend their classes with soaked bags and dresses. It was usual that the passers-by carrying grains like rice, wheat, maize and mustard for grinding in the mill used to scold the villagers due to soaking and spoilage of their grains.
Considering the poor condition of the trail, Jaya Kalika User Group and Chandan Basti Sisters Group in coordination with Kalikich User Committee in the buffer zone of Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve in Beldandi VDC, Kanchanpur mobilised the community labor worth of Rs. 9,600 to carry out the earth work to maintain the level of the two kilometre long trail in February 2007. This included 16 persons mobilised for 6 days,
including 81 men days and 15 women days at the rate of Rs. 100 per day for both men and women. Afterwards,
WTLCP in coordination with Buffer Zone Management Committee provided a financial support of Rs. 100,000 for gravelling over the five hundred meter long trail.
Around 1200 households have directed benefited from the trail improvement. It has made easy accessibility of the people contributing to community development. The regular maintenance of such community assets is an important aspect to be considered for continued benefits to the community and encouragement to the community-initiated development.
15 Falgun 2063 (27 February 2007)
Goat Farming: A Potential Source of Cash Income
Basan Shrestha, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, WTLCP
Bhola Prasad Chaudhary, Ranger, District Forest Office, Kanchanpur
“The first she goat kid is already 11 months old. She is already pregnant and will give birth in next two months. By July 2007, I have planned to repay back the loan of Rs. 1,500 to our group by selling the goat”, says Sita Chaudhary, a user of Ganga Jamuna Women Community Forest User Group who has started goat farming as a potential source of cash income.
The proposed Ganga Jamuna Women Community Forest User Group (CFUG) is located in Hanumantole, Amarbasti, ward number 9, Baisebichuwa VDC in Kanchanpur district. The group is composed of 92 Chaudhary (Tharu) households. Western Terai Landscape Building Program, the frontloading support to Western Terai Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP), had provided the financial support of Rs. 50,000 to the CFUG in July 2005 to purchase goats. The CFUG formed the goat farming group of 30 users, who were selected based on their household economic status, capacity and willingness to rear goats. Then, the CFUG provided a total sum of Rs. 45,000 at the rate of Rs. 1,500 to each user to purchase the goats, so long as the users would repay back an interest free loan to the group within 24 months. The CFUG retained the remaining sum of Rs. 5,000 for medical support to the goats as required.
Sita adds, “I added Rs. 100 to the loan of Rs. 1,500 that I received from the group and purchased a pregnant she goat at the cost of Rs. 1,600 from the local market in July 2005. She gave birth to a she goat kid in October 2005.The mother goat gave second birth to already dead two kids in April 2006.This time both mother goat and first borne she goat are pregnant. Both of them will give birth during November 2006. In 2 years of support, we will have at least 4 goats, including 2 mature she goats and 2 goat kids of 9 months. I am very encouraged to see the increasing number of goats, which will be the source of cash income to us”. By July 2007 in 2 years of support by the program, Sita will have goats worth of around Rs. 5,000 at the current market price. She has managed to supply the fodder from her private lands and community forest. Her family of 4 members has managed their time to rear the goats. Last year, she increased the production of winter vegetables such as radish, turnip, broadleaf mustard and cauliflower in her land by making good use of goat dung.
Overall, goat farming has the potential to develop as an income generating activity (IGA) at the household level. The increased production of fodder in both community and private lands will help encourage the people to undertake goat farming. But, the major concern is how to ensure equitable access of different segments of the users to such resources, and how can poor be identified and supported in an equitable manner to improve their livelihoods. Another important concern is that the daily wage earners are among the poors, who were not encouraged to keep goats for lack of human resource and time to rear goats. Other potential IGAs should be explored in active participation of such daily wage earners to improve their livelihoods. Development of community level veterinary service and resource persons will help promote goat keeping as a viable source of cash income of rural poor.
9 October 2006 (23 Ashwin 2063)
Income from Vegetable Cultivation[1]
Kanaiya Rana
Dandabichuwa, Ward Number 2
Baisebichuwa VDC, Kanchanpur
[1] This article was documented and translated by Nirmal Rana, Secretary, MLACC and Basan Shrestha, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, WTLCP.
I am Kanaiya Rana, a resident of Dandabichuwa, Ward Number 2, Baisebichuwa Village Development Committee (VDC) in Kanchanpur district. I own 15 kattha (around 0.5 hectare) of land. I used to grow rice, maize and wheat in this land, which was not sufficient to financially support my family for the whole year. I used to fill up this gap from wage labor in the village, from which I earned Rs. 80 per day of labor.
I had an opportunity to attend WTLCP supported nine-day long ‘Entrepreneurship development training’. Mohana Laljhadi Area Coordination Committee (MLACC) had coordinated and conducted the training in two stages from 14 to 16 November 2006 and 29 November to 4 December 2006 respectively. During the training, I had prepared the plan to cultivate vegetable as an income generating activity.
In support of my plan, I received a loan of ten thousand rupees from WTLCP chanalised through LACC in January 2007. I need to pay pack the loan within two years, by January 2009 with an interest at the rate of 8 percent per year. I invested that sum of money for the purchase seeds, fertilizers and insecticides to cultivate onion, chilly and lauka (gourd) in 3 Kattha (0.1 hectare) of land. I could produce around 300 kg of onion, which I sold in the local market in Kalika VDC at the rate of Rs. 14 per kg and also bartered some with wheat in the community. Similarly, I have estimated to produce around 120 kg of dried chilly which cost Rs. 100 per kg.
Prior to this, I used to cultivate vegetables only for household consumption. Now, I feel that I can mobilise my own skill and resource to cultivate vegetables as an income generating activity. I am much encouraged with the support and wish to continue growing vegetables for generating income.
17 Ashad 2064 (1 July 2007)
Basan Shrestha, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, WTLCP
Bhola Prasad Chaudhary, Ranger, District Forest Office, Kanchanpur
“Until past one and half years, the plants were heavily destroyed by the open grazing of cattle in the forest patches that we have conserved. The unrestricted movement of people in forest patches had also destroyed saplings. As such, the crops in private lands were damaged, almost to half, due to open grazing. Now, with the construction of the trench along both sides of the community trail, the grasses in community forest have vigorously grown and the crop production in private lands has also increased”, says Shyampati Chaudhary.
The users of Ganga Jamuna Women Community Forest User Group (CFUG) including Shyampati have benefited from the increased production of grass, fodder and crops. The proposed Ganga Jamuna Women CFUG is located in Hanumantole, Amarbasti, ward number 9, Baisebichuwa VDC in Kanchanpur district. It is composed of 92 Chaudhary (Tharu) households benefiting a total of 610 people. The CFUG has been managing 20 hectares of degraded forest patch since the group was formed in October 2004. The formal recognition of the CFUG by District Forest Office (DFO), Kanchanpur is still awaited due to boarder conflict with the proposed Lab Kush CFUG in Raikabarbichuwa VDC in Kanchanpur. Shyampati Chaudhary looks happy with thatch grass and fodder in the community forestThe Western Terai Landscape Building Program (WTLBP), the frontloading support to Western Terai Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP), had provided the financial support of Rs. 9,000 to the CFUG to construct the 900 meter long trench along one side of the community trail close to the community forest and the user group mobilized the labour force. The users, with the technical assistance of the DFO staff, identified the potential site based on the extent of open grazing and proximity of the settlement. Being encouraged with the financial support, the users contributed labour to construct additional 900 meter long trench along other side of the trail close to the private land. As a result, they were able to construct a total of 1,800 meters long trail along both sides of the trail. The whole process required 1,105 person days from 85 households mobilized at the rate of one person from each household, within a period of 13 days in May 2005. 60% of the total labour force included women. According to the market price, the daily wage for women and men were Rs. 80 and Rs. 100 respectively, so that the total cost of construction was estimated at Rs.97,240. Thus, the total amount supported by WTLBP accounted 9% of the total cost and users’ contribution accounted 91%. This excluded the implements arranged by the users themselves to dig the trench.
“Previously, we had to purchase thatch grass and fodder at Rs. 30 per bhari (around 15 kg) from Pachkadiya, which were brought from Dudhuwa National Park in India. But, now these resources are easily available in our CFUG at Rs.10. As a result, both our labour and money have been saved”, says Rampati Chaudhary, the former Treasurer of the CFUG.
The construction of the trench has contributed to control open grazing resulting in natural regeneration of plant species such as Jamun (Eugenia jambolana), Khair (Acacia catachu) and Sisoo (Dalbergia sissoo) and increased production of grass, fodder and crops. The regular maintenance of the trench is an important aspect to consider to further discourage open grazing and movement.
9 October 2006 (23 Ashwin 2063)
Two Villages directly benefited from a Wooden Bridge
Basan Shrestha, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, WTLCP
Sundar Lal Chaudhary, Local Resource Person, Gola VDC, Bardia
121 households of Banjariya and Syaulibazar villages in ward number 5, Village Development Committee (VDC), Bardia have directly benefited from a wooden bridge constructed over the Tapara canal in Banjariya. ‘Prior to construction of this bridge, it was very difficult for school going children to cross the Tapara canal and their parents, particularly women, who had to carry their children and cross the canal”, says Dharma Chand, Badghar, the village leader who had led the construction of the wooden bridge.
Banjariya Pragati User Group in Banjariya, ward number 5, Pashupatinagar VDC had taken the lead role to construct the wooden bridge. Parks and People Project (PPP) and Participatory conservation Program (PCP), supported by United Nations Development Program (UNDP), had formed the group in 1999 at the settlement level and facilitated to affiliate it to Buffer Zone Management Council (BZMC) in 2003. The group is composed of 65 households, with more than three quarters Chaudhary households. Similarly, Syaulibazar User Group, another beneficiary group in the same ward was also involved in the construction of the bridge. This group, which was formed and leagalized following the same process, is composed of 56 households belonging to Chaudhary and Dalits communities.
The Western Terai Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP) had provided the financial support of Rs. 40,000 to Banjariya Pragati User Group in January 2006 to construct the wooden bridge. Besides, PCP and Brinda User Committee, the VDC level coordination committee, had supported Rs. 8,000 and Rs. 5,000 respectively to the group for the same purpose. With a total of Rs. 53,000 the group managed to saw the timber poles and planks, pay for skilled labours and purchase nails and associated materials to fix the timber poles and planks.
The user groups had received around 520 cubic feet of timber (20 oxen carts) from Bardia National Park and Manau Forest User Group for poles, planks, railing and other types of wooden support to construct the 70 feet long and 12 feet wide wooden bridge. They had collected around 100 oxen carts of stones from Geruwa river to construct barbed wire gabion walls at four foundation corners of the bridge. Men were mainly involved in the collection of timber and stones and women had supported to carry them to the place of construction. Two user groups had mobilized human labour from 121 user households at the rate of one person from one household for 2845 person days at the rate of Rs. 80 per person per day, so that the total cost of human labour was estimated at Rs.227,600. “It was very difficult to cross the canal in Banjariya, which has emanated from Geruwa river, during rainy season due to rise in water level.
Mainly, children from Banjariya studying in Namuna Primary School in Syaulibazar had difficulty to cross the canal. Similalry, students from Syaulibazar had difficulty to cross the canal to attend Pashupati High School in Pathraiya, ward number 8. The bridge construction has eased people’s movement. In addition, it has become very easy to transport grains like rice, wheat, maize and mustard for grinding in the mill located in Pathriya. This canal had many times flown people while crossing…….”, say the users.
The wooden bridge has made easy accessibility of the people. The regular maintenance of such infrastructures is an important aspect to be considered for continued benefits and encouragement to the community initiated development.
19 November 2006 (3 Mangsir 2063)
Trail Improvement Contributed to Community Development[1]
Bhim Bahadur Thapa
Kalikich User Committee
Beldandi VDC, Kanchanpur
[1] This article was edited and translated by Basan Shrestha, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, WTLCP.
Until past few days, the passers-by going through this community trail used to scold ‘The people of this village are so lazy that they do not even improve their trails.’ In fact, the level of the trail passing through Chauanni village bordering between ward numbers 7 and 8 in Beldandi Village Development Committee (VDC) of Kanchannpur district was about two feet lower than the ground level. Water logging was the main problem even in days with little rain. The passers-by used to put off their shoes and slippers to pass through the trail. In some cases, it caused etching and wounds on the feet. Particularly, the school going children had to attend their classes with soaked bags and dresses. It was usual that the passers-by carrying grains like rice, wheat, maize and mustard for grinding in the mill used to scold the villagers due to soaking and spoilage of their grains.
Considering the poor condition of the trail, Jaya Kalika User Group and Chandan Basti Sisters Group in coordination with Kalikich User Committee in the buffer zone of Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve in Beldandi VDC, Kanchanpur mobilised the community labor worth of Rs. 9,600 to carry out the earth work to maintain the level of the two kilometre long trail in February 2007. This included 16 persons mobilised for 6 days,
including 81 men days and 15 women days at the rate of Rs. 100 per day for both men and women. Afterwards,
WTLCP in coordination with Buffer Zone Management Committee provided a financial support of Rs. 100,000 for gravelling over the five hundred meter long trail.
Around 1200 households have directed benefited from the trail improvement. It has made easy accessibility of the people contributing to community development. The regular maintenance of such community assets is an important aspect to be considered for continued benefits to the community and encouragement to the community-initiated development.
15 Falgun 2063 (27 February 2007)
Goat Farming: A Potential Source of Cash Income
Basan Shrestha, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, WTLCP
Bhola Prasad Chaudhary, Ranger, District Forest Office, Kanchanpur
“The first she goat kid is already 11 months old. She is already pregnant and will give birth in next two months. By July 2007, I have planned to repay back the loan of Rs. 1,500 to our group by selling the goat”, says Sita Chaudhary, a user of Ganga Jamuna Women Community Forest User Group who has started goat farming as a potential source of cash income.
The proposed Ganga Jamuna Women Community Forest User Group (CFUG) is located in Hanumantole, Amarbasti, ward number 9, Baisebichuwa VDC in Kanchanpur district. The group is composed of 92 Chaudhary (Tharu) households. Western Terai Landscape Building Program, the frontloading support to Western Terai Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP), had provided the financial support of Rs. 50,000 to the CFUG in July 2005 to purchase goats. The CFUG formed the goat farming group of 30 users, who were selected based on their household economic status, capacity and willingness to rear goats. Then, the CFUG provided a total sum of Rs. 45,000 at the rate of Rs. 1,500 to each user to purchase the goats, so long as the users would repay back an interest free loan to the group within 24 months. The CFUG retained the remaining sum of Rs. 5,000 for medical support to the goats as required.
Sita adds, “I added Rs. 100 to the loan of Rs. 1,500 that I received from the group and purchased a pregnant she goat at the cost of Rs. 1,600 from the local market in July 2005. She gave birth to a she goat kid in October 2005.The mother goat gave second birth to already dead two kids in April 2006.This time both mother goat and first borne she goat are pregnant. Both of them will give birth during November 2006. In 2 years of support, we will have at least 4 goats, including 2 mature she goats and 2 goat kids of 9 months. I am very encouraged to see the increasing number of goats, which will be the source of cash income to us”. By July 2007 in 2 years of support by the program, Sita will have goats worth of around Rs. 5,000 at the current market price. She has managed to supply the fodder from her private lands and community forest. Her family of 4 members has managed their time to rear the goats. Last year, she increased the production of winter vegetables such as radish, turnip, broadleaf mustard and cauliflower in her land by making good use of goat dung.
Overall, goat farming has the potential to develop as an income generating activity (IGA) at the household level. The increased production of fodder in both community and private lands will help encourage the people to undertake goat farming. But, the major concern is how to ensure equitable access of different segments of the users to such resources, and how can poor be identified and supported in an equitable manner to improve their livelihoods. Another important concern is that the daily wage earners are among the poors, who were not encouraged to keep goats for lack of human resource and time to rear goats. Other potential IGAs should be explored in active participation of such daily wage earners to improve their livelihoods. Development of community level veterinary service and resource persons will help promote goat keeping as a viable source of cash income of rural poor.
9 October 2006 (23 Ashwin 2063)
Income from Vegetable Cultivation[1]
Kanaiya Rana
Dandabichuwa, Ward Number 2
Baisebichuwa VDC, Kanchanpur
[1] This article was documented and translated by Nirmal Rana, Secretary, MLACC and Basan Shrestha, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, WTLCP.
I am Kanaiya Rana, a resident of Dandabichuwa, Ward Number 2, Baisebichuwa Village Development Committee (VDC) in Kanchanpur district. I own 15 kattha (around 0.5 hectare) of land. I used to grow rice, maize and wheat in this land, which was not sufficient to financially support my family for the whole year. I used to fill up this gap from wage labor in the village, from which I earned Rs. 80 per day of labor.
I had an opportunity to attend WTLCP supported nine-day long ‘Entrepreneurship development training’. Mohana Laljhadi Area Coordination Committee (MLACC) had coordinated and conducted the training in two stages from 14 to 16 November 2006 and 29 November to 4 December 2006 respectively. During the training, I had prepared the plan to cultivate vegetable as an income generating activity.
In support of my plan, I received a loan of ten thousand rupees from WTLCP chanalised through LACC in January 2007. I need to pay pack the loan within two years, by January 2009 with an interest at the rate of 8 percent per year. I invested that sum of money for the purchase seeds, fertilizers and insecticides to cultivate onion, chilly and lauka (gourd) in 3 Kattha (0.1 hectare) of land. I could produce around 300 kg of onion, which I sold in the local market in Kalika VDC at the rate of Rs. 14 per kg and also bartered some with wheat in the community. Similarly, I have estimated to produce around 120 kg of dried chilly which cost Rs. 100 per kg.
Prior to this, I used to cultivate vegetables only for household consumption. Now, I feel that I can mobilise my own skill and resource to cultivate vegetables as an income generating activity. I am much encouraged with the support and wish to continue growing vegetables for generating income.
17 Ashad 2064 (1 July 2007)
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